Able Tool Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Able Tool Corporation - Case Study Example Since its incorporation the company’s mission statement is that of a genuine commitment to on-time delivery, quality pricing, excellent service and reliability. The company is dedicated to give its customers the best price and timely delivery. In 1987, the company relocated to Ohio. In 1990, Able Tool Company bought the Gilman Company of Ohio in order to broaden its capabilities. The ability of the firm to serve a wide variety of customers is what has seen this company through this volatile industry and a un- predictable market. The PEPT (Portable Electric Power Tools) Industry that able corporation operates is collectively affected by economic variables like general taxation interest rates as well as inflationary variables. General economic indicators such as interest, foreign exchange and inflation rates have always affected the power tool market since these variables greatly affect disposable income that is a very crucial determining factor for the construction and or renov ation of houses or residential estates. Due to high interest rates in the United States, the housing market has continued to decline since 2004, this has greatly affected the power tool market as well as the general cost of houses rising by about 2.8% annually. Apart from the interest rates, foreign exchange rates also affect the operations of the companies in this industry including companies like Milwaukee Electricity Company. Exchange rates affect the sales of the industry since a substantial proportion of these companies sales are in overseas markets. The explicit and underlying costs of housing starts are very crucial to the advancement of this industry. Currently due to high interest rates compounded by high costs of mortgages for the last four years, the demand for portable electric power tools has been on the decline. To compound this situation due to increasing inflation the industry has had to increase moderately the price of their products. According to market analysts, this has led to the increased cost of setting up residential and commercial properties. This in turn has shied of prospective investors in the industry. This in turn has caused some of the industry players to relocate their firms especially in Asia where the cost of production is cheap. By doing this these firms have been able to import back the same products into the American market at a more cheap price. The increased cost of environmental protection, especially through the sale of pollution rights, has led to increased operational costs within the industry that have further caused them to increase their commodity prices. Concerns of air pollution, water pollution and land contamination have been highly emphasized by western countries to a point that many industry players have been forced to relocate to India and china, where environmental protection policies have not been highly emphasized. Incases where the parent company does not relocate, most commonly the firms have relocated production plants either to Asia or Latin America. CONCLUSION: The portable electric power tools industry has been faced with many challenges. However, due to a booming world economy buoyed by among others a more than 5% economic growth rate in many newly industrialized countries, the industry has been able to source new markets especially in china. REFERENCES: www.abletool.com www.free-press-release.com/news/200704/1177416298.html www.ibisworld.com.au/industry/default.aspx www.strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inimr-ri3.nsf/en/gr-92637e.html

Poetry and Politics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Poetry and Politics Paper - Essay Example Bryant opens his poem with the recognition that slavery represents not only a â€Å"great wrong† but also a slow and painful journey in race relations (The Death of Slavery, Line 1). Bryant opens Death of Slavery with: O THOU great Wrong, that, through the slow-paced years, Didst hold they millions fettered, and didst wield The scourge that drove the labourer to the field, And turn a stony gaze on human tears, They cruel reign is o’er.... (The Death of Slavery, 1900, First Stanza). Thus for Bryant’s The Death of Slavery, represents not only a reminder of the pain and suffering associated with the oppression of one race over another, but its place in history also serves as a reminder that mankind can and has overcome the worst of evils punctuating race relations in history. Bryant’s last stanza of The Death of Slavery pulls this realization together as follows: I see the better years that hasten by Carry thee back into that shadowy past, Where, in the dusty spaces, void and vast, The graves of those whom thou hast murdered lie. The slave-pen, through whose door Thy victims pass no more...(The Death of Slavery, 1900, Last Stanza). ... Bryant (1900) likewise recalls that this â€Å"grim† past: At which the slave was sold; while at thy feet Scourges and engines of restraint and pain Moulder and rust by thine eternal seat. There, mid the symbols that proclaim they crimes, Dwell thou, a warning to the coming times (The Death of Slavery, 1900, Last Stanza). In other words, recalling the evils of the past, serves as a caution to resist evil of any kind relative to race relations among mankind. Obama likewise, sees the utility in remembering the cruel past. Obama stated that he felt it was a significant visit for his daughters as they would be encouraged to fight cruel oppression of any kind to prevent this kind of history repeating itself. Thomas Merton’s And the Children of Birmingham was written in the 1960s amidst the race movement in the US during that time. The poem reflects on the bombing in Birmingham, Alabama that killed Black children staging a protest in the 1960s against the oppression of Black in the US is also instructive. And the Children of Birmingham likewise calls attention to the cruel pass in terms of race relations and also speaks to man’s ability to overcome this kind of cruel legacy. Herron (2005) informs that from Merton’s perspective however, the death of the children in Birmingham is less about marking the history of race relations among Americans. Instead, And the Children of Birmingham is more about hope and this hope is expressed by calling upon Americans everywhere to look upon all Americans as equals, as brothers and sisters (2005). And The Children of Birmingham draws attention to the innocent victims and inheritors of the evils of cruel race relations

Catalytic Reduction of Hydrazine to Ammonia

Catalytic Reduction of Hydrazine to Ammonia Ruvanthi Kularatne Catalytic Reduction of Hydrazine to Ammonia: The Site of Reduction in Nitrogenase Abstract The conversion of N2 to NH3 is done mainly via anaerobic bacteria. The enzyme nitrogenase, which can be found in these anaerobic bacteria, is responsible for this conversion. Much research has been conducted in order to identify the structure of the enzyme, the mechanism for the conversion, and the site of reduction. Hydrazine is a substrate and an intermediate of the nitrogenase enzyme. Hence, the reduction of hydrazine to ammonia is used to mimic the late stages of the biological nitrogen fixation. Here the main focus is to identify the metal atom to which the hydrazine molecule binds. In order to identify the binding site of N2 is Fe, a tris(thiolato)phosphine ligand, P(C6H3-3-Me3Si-2-S)33−(PS3†³), is used as the platform to obtain the iron(II) complex, [P(Ph)4][Fe(PS3†³)(CH3CN)]. Also, a substrate-bound and product-bound adducts, [N-(Bu)4][Fe(PS3†³)(N2H4)] and [N(C2H5)4][Fe(PS3†³)(NH3)] respectively, are synthesized. To determine whether the binding site is the V in vanadium nitrogenase, [P(Ph)4][V(PS3†²Ã¢â‚¬ ²)(Cl)] and [P(Ph)4][V(PS3†²)(Cl)] [PS3†² = P(C6H3-5-Me-2-S)33-] are synthesized. Introduction Nitrogen is an essential element in all living organisms. It is a major element in nucleotides and in amino acids which ultimately forms DNA and RNA, and proteins respectively. These are the building blocks which make up the nuclei in living organisms. The major source of nitrogen is atmospheric N2. It is a stable molecule and it has to be converted to a form which can be utilized by organisms. The natural way of nitrogen fixation is by lightening and by anaerobic bacteria, the latter being the most prominent. About 25 % is fixed by the industrial Haber process, which occurs at high temperatures and pressure, whereas the biological processes occur at ambient conditions1. During the process, N2 is converted to NH3, which is a more usable form than N2. Nitrogen fixation by anaerobic bacteria is catalyzed by the enzyme nitrogenase. The enzyme is composed of two protein subunits, a MoFe protein and a Fe protein. Studies reveal that the substrate binding and activation in the enzyme occurs at a Mo/Fe/S center. The structure of this molybdenum nitrogenase has been characterized by X-ray crystallography.2 The Fe protein has two bound MgATP molecules. During the reduction of N2, an electron from this Fe protein is transferred to the MoFe protein, which is associated with the hydrolysis of the two MgATP molecules.3 There are reports of three forms of nitrogenase with Mo, Fe and V.4 The Fe and the V are also known as the â€Å"alternative† forms of nitrogenase1. The first has a V in place of Mo and the other is an â€Å"all-Fe† nitrogenase1. Although the structures have been identified, the exact mechanism of the catalysis of N2 by the enzyme is still not fully understood. As a result, research is being conducted to obtain the mechanistic information of nitrogenase. Large number of coordination compounds has been proposed as possible structural or functional models for nitrogenase. Mononuclear and binuclear transition metal complexes and polynuclear Fe/Mo/S aggregates are among the suggested compounds. Hydrazine is a substrate and an intermediate of the nitrogenase enzyme. Hence, the reduction of hydrazine to ammonia is used to mimic the late stages of the biological nitrogen fixation. For the reduction of hydrazine, a proton source and an electron source is necessary (eq 1).1 N2H4 + 2e + 2H+ à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ® 2NH3(1) Studies through hydrazine have suggested that the site of binding of N2 is at Fe in the MoFe-cofactor.5 However, some research also shows that the reduction site is at Mo in the MoFe-cofactor1,6 or in a VII state in vanadium nitrogenase.7 Based on electron density maps and X-ray crystallography, it has been found that the Fe/Mo/S cofactor has an elongated MoFe7S9 cluster which is composed of MoFe3S3 and Fe4S3 cuboidal subunits bridged by two or three sulfide ligands.1,6 In order to identify the site of reduction of nitrogenase and the mechanism involved in the reduction process, much research has been carried out by the formation of various metal complexes. Here, to see if the binding site is Fe, a tris(thiolato)phosphine ligand, P(C6H3-3-Me3Si-2-S)33−(PS3†³), is used as the platform to obtain the iron(II) complex, [P(Ph)4][Fe(PS3†³)(CH3CN)] (A).5 Also, a substrate-bound and product-bound adducts, [N-(Bu)4][Fe(PS3†³)(N2H4)] (B) and [N(C2H5)4][Fe(PS3†³)(NH3)] (C), are synthesized. To determine whether the binding site is the V in vanadium nitrogenase, [P(Ph)4][V(PS3†²Ã¢â‚¬ ²)(Cl)] (D) and [P(Ph)4][V(PS3†²)(Cl)] (E) [PS3†² = P(C6H3-5-Me-2-S)33-] are synthesized. Methods Synthesis of [P(Ph)4][Fe(PS3†³)(CH3CN)]: FeCl2 was added to a solution of H3[PS3†³] and n-BuLi in acetonitrile in the ratio of 1:1:3 respectively, to give an emerald solution. To this [P(Ph)4]Br in acetonitrile was added followed by ether, and then the solution was placed at −30 °C for 3 days. This yielded an emerald crystalline solid of [P(Ph)4][Fe(PS3†³)(CH3CN)] ·4CH3CN ·(C2H5)2O. Synthesis of [N-(Bu)4][Fe(PS3†³)(N2H4)]: H3[PS3†³], Li and FeCl2 was reacted in ethanol in the ratio of 1:3:1 respectively, which gave a green solution. It was followed by the addition of excess N2H4 ·H2O. Then, [N(Bu)4]Br was added and the reaction mixture was kept at −15 °C for 2 days. This resulted in a green crystalline solid of [N-(Bu)4][Fe(PS3†³)(N2H4)] ·5C2H5OH. Synthesis of [N(C2H5)4][Fe(PS3†³)(NH3)]: H3[PS3†³], Li and FeCl2 was reacted in ethanol in the ratio of 1:3:1 respectively, which gave a green solution. Then it was charged with NH3 gas (1 atm) to generate an emerald solution. Then, [N(C2H5)4]Br was added in ethanol, and the solution was kept at −15  °C for 2 days. A green crystalline solid of [N(C2H5)4][Fe(PS3†³)(NH3)] ·3C2H5OH was obtained. All the structures were characterized by X-ray crystallography. Catalytic reactivity of [P(Ph)4][Fe(PS3†³)(CH3CN)]: To observe the catalytic activity, an external reductant, [CoCp2] and a proton source, [LutH][BAr†²4] was used (CoCp2 = cobaltocene, LutH = 2,6-lutidinium, and Ar’ = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) and all the reactions were carried out in a N2 enivironment. First, [P(Ph)4][Fe(PS3†³)(CH3CN)] and CoCp2 was dissolved in CH3CN in 1:1 ratio of the complex to the reductant. Then, N2H4 and [LutH][BAr†²4] were added to the solution in 1:1:2 ratio (complex: hydrazine: proton source). The reaction was carried out at ambient temperature for about 30 mins. Concentrated HCl was used to quench the reaction. Then, the solvent was removed by vacuum and the solid was extracted with distilled water. Finally, the insoluble residue was removed and the filtrate was taken to do ammonia analysis13 and hydrazine analysis.14 Synthesis of [P(Ph)4] [V(PS3†²Ã¢â‚¬ ²)(Cl)] (D) and [P(Ph)4] [V(PS3†²)(Cl)] (E) VCl3(THF)3 in THF, H3[PS3†³] in methanol and Li were reacted together in a 1:1:3 ratio. This gave a deep red solution. Then, PPh4Br in CH2Cl2 was added and it was layered with pentane. Which gave a red crystalline solid of D. E was synthesized using the same procedure but using the H3[PS3†²] ligand. Catalytic reactivity of [P(Ph)4] [V(PS3†²Ã¢â‚¬ ²)(Cl)] (D) and [P(Ph)4] [V(PS3†²)(Cl)] (E) The catalytic reduction of hydrazine by D and E were determined using cobaltocene and 2,6-Lut.HCl, using the same procedure as for A. Results and Discussion It was identified from X-ray crystallographic data that the three complexes, A, B, and C were crystallized with solvent molecules. Complex A had four CH3CN molecules, B had five C2H5OH molecules and the complex C had three C2H5OH molecules. These solvent molecules filled the voids in these structures by the formation of hydrogen bonds. It was also identified that the three complexes has a five coordinate iron(II) center with a trigonal bipyramidal geometry, which was formed by bonding to the PS3†³ ligand and to the nitrogen in each ligand (CH3CN, N2H4 and NH3 in complexes A, B, and C respectively). Complexes D and E also show a trigonal bipyramidal geometry at the vanadium(III) center in the same manner as in A, B, and C. This can be seen in the ORTEP diagrams shown in (Figure 1). The results of the catalytic activity of A, for the reduction of hydrazine to ammonia are given by Table 1, those for D are given in Table 2. According to Table 1, the maximum conversion ~83 % is obtained at 30 mins for the catalyst A. For D, ~83 % conversion was obtained after 24 hrs. But a conversion percentage of 90 was obtained after 48 hrs. A controlled reaction was carried out in the absence of complex A. For that reaction, only less than 5 % of hydrazine was converted to ammonia. According to eq 2, hydrazine can decompose into ammonia and nitrogen. 3N2H4 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ® 4NH3 + N2(2) To interpret the amount of ammonia formed by the decomposition reaction rather than the reduction, the reactions were carried out for both A and D without using the proton and the electron source. The corresponding data for A are given in Table 3. Accordingly, the conversion to ammonia at 30 mins is only 8 % and it was 15.6 % after 1 hr. Therefore it is safe to assume that the majority of ammonia production for A is carried out by the reduction process. There was no production of ammonia for D in the absence of the proton and the electron source. Figure 1: ORTEP diagrams of (a) A ·4CH3CN ·(C2H5)2O, (b) B ·5C2H5OH, (c) C ·3C2H5OH, (d) D and (e) E Table 1: Production of ammonia by A via the catalytic process at different reaction time. Time (min) N2H4 added (eq) NH3 yield (mol) NH3 yield (eq) Conversion (%) 5 6.0 1.32 Ãâ€" 10-4 5.3 44 10 6.0 1.66 Ãâ€" 10-4 6.6 55 20 6.0 1.85 Ãâ€" 10-4 7.4 62 30 6.0 2.50 Ãâ€" 10-4 10.0 83 60 6.0 2.49 Ãâ€" 10-4 10.0 83 Table 2: Production of ammonia by D via the catalytic process at different reaction time. Time (min) N2H4 added (eq) NH3 yield (mol) NH3 yield (eq) Conversion (%) 1.5 5.0 5.19 x 10-5 2.1 21 6 5.0 8.97 x 10-5 3.6 36 12 5.0 1.48 x 10-4 5.9 59 18 5.0 1.85 x 10-4 7.4 74 24 5.0 2.06 x 10-4 8.2 82 48 5.0 2.25 x 10-4 9.0 90 Table 3: Production of ammonia for A by the decomposition of hydrazine. Time (min) N2H4 added (eq) NH3 yield (mol) NH3 yield (eq) Conversion (%) 5 6.0 9.27 Ãâ€" 10-6 0.37 4.6 10 6.0 1.18 Ãâ€" 10-5 0.47 5.9 20 6.0 1.35 Ãâ€" 10-5 0.54 6.8 30 6.0 1.61 Ãâ€" 10-5 0.6 8.1 60 6.0 3.11 Ãâ€" 10-5 1.2 15.6 The isolation of the products B and C, the substrate bound and product bound complexes respectively, suggests that the catalytic reduction takes place at single iron site which is supported by the PS3†³ ligand. The mechanism for this can be thought as the bound CH3CN molecule in complex A is replaced by a molecule of hydrazine to give the substrate bound complex B. At this stage, the N-N bond of the bound hydrazine in the iron (II) center is not activated. Therefore, by the addition of a proton source to protonate the hydrazine molecule would allow for the bond breaking of the N-N bond. Hence the first ammonia molecule will be released and a FeIVNH2 intermediate will be formed. Then, FeIVNH2 will be converted to FeIINH3 by another protonation in the presence of an external electron source. Finally, the second ammonia molecule will be released. This reaction pathway can be shown by Scheme 1. Scheme 1: The reaction pathway for the catalytic reduction process of A The catalytic reduction of hydrazine by E did not yield any ammonia. This implies that the bound chloride in E is not exchanged with CH3CN; instead the complex dissolves in it. However this exchange takes place in D, hence the catalytic activity is visible. The reason for the differences in reactivity for these two complexes, D and E, can be accounted by the two ligands, PS3†³ and PS3à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¢ respectively. In PS3†³ ligand, there are more electron donating substituents than in the PS3à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¢ ligand. Therefore, the most electron donating ligand, PS3†³ ligand, will donate more electrons to V and will facilitate the replacement of the bound chloride with a CH3CN molecule. Hence, the exchange will not take place in E. Therefore the reduction of hydrazine will not take place. Conclusion In summary, it is possible to say that Fe, in MoFe-cofactor, and V, in vanadium nitrogenase, act as the binding site of hydrazine, an intermediate of nitrogen fixation, mimicking the late stages of the nitrogen cycle. Since both the complexes are formed in a tris(thiolato)phosphine ligand platform, the reactivity of the two complexes are comparable. Hence, by comparing the conversion percentages of the two complexes, A and D, with time, it is possible to conclude that the iron complex (A) is far more efficient than the vanadium complex (D). For further studies, this research can be extended by including Mo in both these complexes and by the formation of cubanes. This would introduce a more complex nature to the complexes and would represent the enzyme more effectively. Moreover, it is possible to compare the efficiency of Mo, by forming complex with Mo on a thiolate platform. Research Proposal Title: Proper Identification of the Site of Reduction in Nitrogenase by the Catalytic Reduction of Hydrazine to Ammonia. Introduction: The three forms of nitrogenase with Mo, Fe and V,4 have been identified. Yet, the exact mechanism and the site of reduction is still not fully understood. Studies through hydrazine have suggested that the binding sites are at Fe in the MoFe-cofactor,5 Mo in the MoFe-cofactor1,6 or in a VII state in vanadium nitrogenase.7 There has been many debates over this topics and much research has been conducted to identify the exact metal atom on which the binding take place. No research has been conducted by including Fe-Mo and V-Fe together. If these two complexes are formed, we might be able to properly identify the site of binding of N2 in nitrogenase. The enzyme in question is bulky, which is the nature of an enzyme. Hence, to include this bulkiness in the model compounds, we can use cubanes of complex nature. Furthermore, by optimizing these complexes, we may be able to use them in the industry instead of the Haber process. Goal: Identify the proper binding site of hydrazine by including both metal atoms in the complex and to use a more complex environment to properly mimic the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Aim: Synthesis of MoFe- complex and VFe-complex Synthesis of cubanes of the two mentioned complexes Methodology: FeCl2, MoCl2, H3[PS3†³] and n-BuLi are mixed in 1:1:2:6 ratio in acetonitrile. After 24 hrs, PPh4Br in acetonitrile will be added to the reaction mixture. Then, the solution will be layered by the addition of ether. Later, the solution can be kept at -30 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C for about three days. This will result in a complex with Fe and Mo. To check the catalytic activity, the complex: cobaltocene: N2H4: [LutH][BAr†²4] in the ratio of 1:2:1:2 respectively, can be used. First, the complex and cobaltocene are dissolved in acetonitrile. Then, N2H4 and [LutH][BAr†²4] in acetonitrile are added to the mixture. The reaction is carried out at ambient temperature for 30 mins. Afterwards, conc. HCl is added to quench the reaction and then the solid will be filtered and removed. Finally the filtrate will be taken and ammonia analysis and hydrazine analysis will be carried out using the indophenol method13 and PDMAB14 method respectively. References: Demadis, K. D.; Malinak, S. M.; Coucouvanis, D. Inorg. Chem. 1996, 35, 4038. Einsle, O.; Tezcan, F. A.; Andrade, S. L. A.; Schmid, B.; Yoshida, M.; Howard, J. B.; Rees, D. C. Science 2002, 297, 1696. Danyal, K.; Inglet, B. S.; Vincent, K. A.; Barney, B. M.; Hoffman, B. M.; Armstrong, F. A.; Dean, D. R.; Seefeldt, L. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 13197. Malinak, S. M.; Demadis, K. D.; Coucouvani, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 3126. Chang, Y-H.; Chan, P-M.; Tsai, Y-F.; Lee, G-H.; Hsu, H-F. Inorg. Chem. 2014, 53, 664. Coucouvanis, D.; Mosier, P. E.; Demadis, K. D.; Patton, S.; Malinak, S. M.; Kim, C. G.; Tyson, M. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 12193. Chu, W-C.; Wu, C-C.; Hsu, H-F. Inorg. Chem. 2006, 45, 3164. Demadis, K. D.; Coucouvanis, D. Inorg. Chem. 1995, 34, 436. Demadis, K. D.; Coucouvanis, D. Inorg. Chem. 1995, 34, 3658. Palermo, R. E.; Singh, R.; Bashkin, J. K.; Holm, R. H. J. Am. Chem.Soc. 1984, 106, 2600. Zhang, Y.-P.; Bashkin, J. K.; Holm, R. H. Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26, 694. Wong, G. B.; Bobrik, M. A.; Holm, R. H. Inorg. Chem. 1978, 17, 578. Chaney, A. L.; Marbach, E. P., Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N. C.) 1962, 8, 130. Haji Shabani, A. M.; Dadfarnia, S.; Dehghan, K., Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2004, 25, 213. 1

Analysis of To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

In the 1960’s Harper Lee wrote the award-winning novel ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’. The novels story is told through the eyes of Jean Louise Finch (aka. Scout). It all starts when Scout is only six years of age. She lives with her Father Atticus (Lawyer), Brother Jeremy (Jem), and their lovely black Housekeeper, Calpurnia. They live in the Deep South in a small town called Maycomb. Scout and Jem make a new friend early on in the book, Dill, with whom they get into much mischief with. They soon come to realize that in their little racial town, there is more to it than meets eye. They find there is much corruption and deception going on, people are not who they are made out to be. Characters could be described as a ‘Mockingbird’, symbolizing innocence (‘free from any wrong; pure’. (Stated in the Macquarie Dictionary)), or a ‘Blue-Jay’, symbolizing immorality (‘wrong according to the moral law or to accepted patterns of behavior’ (Macquarie Dictionary)). Two main characters that are considered to be ‘Mockingbirds’ are; Scout (six year old white girl) and Tom Robinson (25 year old black family man, who lost his arm in a machinery accident). These Characters are ‘Mockingbirds due to their innocence through the book. Scouts innocence is bound by her age; she is seen as young and nieve. Throughout the book there are many incidents in which she doesn’t understand what is going on around her, due to her lack of knowledge. One such incident is at Christmas time when Jem and Scout receive air riffles. Atticus’s words of caution to them were, â€Å"Shoot all the Blue-Jays you want. If you can hit em. But remember, it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird†(p.99). Scout was confused, for that was the first time Atticus had said anything was a sin. Scout consulted her neighbor Miss Maudie for an explanation. Miss Maudies exact words were, â€Å"Mockingbirds don’t do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They don’t eat up peoples gardens, don’t nest in corncribs, they don’t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. That’s why it is a sin to kill a Mockingbird†. Scout didn’t realize this at the time but she was getting a valuable lesson that she will understand later in life. At one stage in the book Scouts innocence saves Atticus’s and Tom Robinson’s Life’s. Jem, Scout and Dill all sneak out to surprise Atticus, but when they arrive at the jail cell where Atticus is minding Tom, they get their own surprise. They come just in time to see a mob of farmers arrive trying to get into Tom’s cell for a reason

The Impact of Telecom Services Packages Advertisement on the Social Values of Pakistani Youth

the impact of telecom services packages advertisement on the social values of Pakistani youth Abstract This study will try to investigate the impact of telecom services packages like late night call & unlimited sms on the social values of Pakistani youth. As now a day’s cellular companies are mainly targeting youth through their advertisements and want the youth to get indulge in these activities in return increase their sales but the point is up to what extent youth showing receptiveness and emotional attachment to these packages. Study was conducted in 3 universities Iqra, Bahria & Foundation with the sample of 150 respondents, convenient sampling technique is used & results are measured using multiple regression test. Major findings concluded that cellular advertisements of unlimited sms & late night call packages have a positive impact on youth. Keywords: advertisements, call packages, sms, social values, youth, cellular services Background Now a days there are many packages existing in market with special discounts & unlimited sms & late night call packages have been introduced, so due to this reason the providers of cellular services are having a closer look for the migration of Personal computer consumers to become the cell phone user e. g. â€Å"GPRS rates have gone down, for example you can send hundreds of text messages per day to any network in the country†. (Omar Aijaz, 2008) was of the view that late night call packages mostly targeted youth that influences mostly at the 11th hour of might to early in the morning round about at 7. Mostly all telecom services companies are doing so like WaridTelecom providing night package with the name infinite craze or zem nites similarly Mobilinktelecom night package as raat shuru baat shuru etc. Likewise youth is mature and now parents don’t take a closer look at their children’s as the parents look at the things in different view as compared to the youth so as a result definitely positive or negative things are also perceived in different manners. The packages that were previously discussed in any case surely have affects on the study, healthy life and business life of youth due to staying up long at nights. (Omar Aijaz, 2008), furthermore the students (youth) will let their peers know about these services â€Å"word of mouth† is started we can say peer education begins and one can say immature group of humans acting as profession to teach different or additional immature group of humans (Clements, I and Buczkiewicz, M. 1993), and students are discussing their academic work even on sms. Cell phones nowadays considered by youth as â€Å"symbol of independence† (Babar Bhatti, 2008) they develop their own social groups and are able to elaborate or make one’s self owned body of words to communicate in the social gathering that is far from unnecessarily curious sight of their guardian (father and mother). These services are now utilized by youth in larger numbers i-e 24 hours and 7 days a week and still continues and more over has been made as a â€Å"the traditional amount of contact permitted before marriage†. Conversations are mainly done in bedrooms e. g. sms or late night call packages. Youth is making social ties away from their families and the interaction betwixt the guardians (mother and father) and their children’s came into being as not personal, so if someone says that love is in the environment or surrounding seems like it’s being in accordance of the surrounding because mobile carry texts related to romance and youth are focusing to the usage of these cellular services for the maintenance of their close and loveable relational ties. Cellular companies are â€Å"grabbing our new generation, these free night packages services provided by our Cellular Companies have become a great pleasure/encouragement to people like who aren’t responsible at all†, and looks like beyond morals because whole night indulging in these kind of activities affects are culture and traditions. (Babar Bhatti, 2008). In Pakistan services related to cellular’s started in the 1990’s where telephone licenses for mobile services were assigned to PakistanTelecom and PakistanCommunication known as the Insta Phone for the clause as a legal instrument of providing telephony services through mobiles. As a result now five companies that are providing cellular services exists in Pakistan namely as Ufone, Zong, Warid, Telenor & Mobilink. (Balaji et al. , 2005) perceived and found that currently companies related to mobiles now focusing for the building of having a broad way plan of action to satisfy the consumers for the ongoing services that dominates amusement, & â€Å"preventing loss of royalties in their services and maintaining customer retention†. â€Å"Ideas associated with ‘risk society’ have become part of the rganizing ground, which serves to define and order the ‘personal’ and social spaces’ integral to its ‘youth problem† (Epstein, 1998), so risk of misusing these late night call packages and unlimited sms usage is always there and furthermore friend finder is another service launched by cellular companies affecting social values of youth. Abstracts standards or empirical variables which are present in social life beli eved to be important or/and desirable (Mondofacto and medical dictionary, 1998). What follows is an exploration of this idea both for understanding agency in youth, and for further developing the aims and objectives of a critical sociology of youth (Furlong, 1997), psychological effect is there and youth is emotionally attached to these services now. (Morris and Venkatesh, 2000) were of the view that â€Å"Age has been of significant interest to social psychologists as well as marketers in the past†, these cellular companies are mainly targeting youth for subscription of late night call packages and unlimited sms. SMS was built into the European Global System for Mobile (GSM) working as an additional capability. (Goggin, Gerard, 2005) Now in many countries SMS perceived as cheap, utilized as one-to-one, or one-to-many, mostly communication is done leisure. New culture of media use started by young people thorough SMS but In Hong Kong, for instance, SMS was not accepted too quickly because voice mobile (Spurgeon, 2005) call charges were relatively cheap. Many industries are now interested to use this technology as may telecom services industries are doing so, specially new entrants Zong Is focusing on this strategy. Capitalizing on this unexpected boon, (Christine, 2005) mobile carriers are seeking to position MMS (multimedia services) as the successor to SMS, supported by heavy marketing to promote consumer adoption of new mobile phones with picture and video capacity. † Literature Review Attracting consumers of different cultures & having different social values marked as a challenge for international advertisers. On the other hand (Kothani, 1988; Dahringer, 1991) at a gradual pace service businesses are contributing to grow in the enclosed area internationally. These strategies for people (youth) of different cultures & social values arguments that there is need to understood the marketing internationally that is marked as immediately noticeable and has strong impression, similarly broad way plan of action for advertisement is also required for the services, and on the other hand as well as domestic advertising growth strategies should become compulsory for companies like cellular services. The research in remote period of time suggests that advertisement of mobiles that is focused towards the act of permitting worthy of being accepted as compared to the several different advertisement (Barwise P. and C. Strong, 2002) interpreting consumers find pleasant by undergoing in the presence of to exercise authoritative change of thought, messages, or information as by speech, signals, writing or behavior. Research will determine that our youth get attracted by mobile music services advertisements and use it for entertainment purpose. The word Qos can explain in terms of â€Å"the collective effect of service performances, which determine the degree of satisfaction of a user of the service†. (Wu, 2000) was of the view that user-perceived QoS becomes of vital importance due to the advancement in mobile technology therefore customers expectation increased in view of wireless technologies. Therefore in this current scenario exertions of the strength developed for the explanation of Qos with additional detail considering consumer perspectives and make a linkage of a belief for the particular parameters of cellular structure in form of concept (Saliba et al. 2005). Moreover there are implications of studies which conclude that â€Å"effective network performances, wired and wireless†, are of major importance in satisfying customer experiences as compared to characteristics of the network, if we emphasize on the importance of experienced consumers in context of notion of QoS (Saliba et al. , 2005) cellular companies are focusing on improving their services to a level at which customers become satisfied for better communication like unlimited sms & late night call packages. Quality is defined as the overall excellence or superiority that consumers perceive from a product/service† (Zeithaml, 1988). (Cronin et al. , 2000) explained that â€Å"Consumer perceptions of service quality, value and satisfaction have been extensively studied as antecedents of loyalty intention†. On the other hand, satisfaction is defined as â€Å"a mediator between quality and/or value and customer retention† (Parasuraman and Grewal, 2000; McDougall and Levesque, 2000; Olsen, 2002). In this context cellular services companies are focusing to retain their customers (youth) by giving quality services with timely delivery of unlimited sms package. Population should be literate who will understand the advertised messages, therefore there is a need of hour that population must be of right age & right gender & must have sufficient funds or sum of money to consume the products & services which are offered in the market (Dyer, 1995). (Brierly, 1995) said that most people just take 1. 5 seconds to read a printed advertisement so advertisement must be made precise & brief. On the other hand the social groups identifies themselves on the basis of same attitudes, shared consumption patterns (Goldman, 1992). Advertisers focus on the group they want to focus for instance woman’s found to be in a homogenous groups & advertisements mostly made in the house for household items. This variable Mobile advertisement helps us to find out the impact of mobile advertisements on social values of youth. Advertisement of the mobiles seems as pleasing to the sight of the customer due to its less amount and strong infiltration (Barwise P. nd C. Strong, 2002) plus the people realted to advertisement made vigilant alerts, call, audio and video texts and messages also communicative streaming of videos are made in order to grasp chances and consumers usually with the help of developing the messaging personalized from. In today’s world cellular services are attracting more customers by introducing services like late night call packages and unlimited sms, making attractive advertisements and commercials e. g. Mobilink Raat Shuru Baat Shuru slogans. The mobile entertainment industry acts as a foundation of m-commerce (Tsalgatidou and Pitoura 2001; Panis et al. , 2002); Maciness et al. 2002). One more thing left which is acting as an indicator i-e what attracts and influence our youth in deciding to adopt cellular service and what specific features they would like a mobile entertainment application to offer (Balasubramanian et al. , 2002). Researching on the study of Consumer behavior is vital towards increasing the pace in diffusion and consumer acceptance of using m-commerce services (Green et al. 001; Nohria and Leetsma 2001; Barnes 2002; Koivumaki2002; Vrechopoulos et al. 2002). It is proposed that the attached emotions with the cellular’s or mobiles can be named as a key that has an impact on the newly born latest services for the admission in the future prospects (Vincent, 2006). Consumer receptiveness is critical in finding out whether people accept the advertisement or not. (Swaminathan et al. , 1996) was of the vi ew that advertisements classified mainly as â€Å"(cognition or affect)† So in these scopes emotional dvertisements means serving advertisements to focus â€Å"elicit affective responses† (Aaker and Stayman, 1992). However, most studies concluded that emotional responses which are positive results in positive advertisement and generally in brand responses, whereas advertisements which are get reacted through cognitive reactions are affected much positively through the help of advertising that is un emotional in nature that has power of attracting in contrast to advertisements that are emotional in nature (De Pelsmacker et al. 2002, 2005). If we look cellular’s through view of product extension they are currently extensions of own (Hulme, 2003; Lasen, 2004; Vincent et. al, 2005; Wehmeyer, 2007), and considered as showing similarity in the condition of being deprived of extension (Hulme, 2003), consumers currently view them as unavoidable so as a result attachment to these cellular devices has increased as users intended to arouse the emotions with these cells. (Fox, 2001; Lasen 2004, 2005; Vincent et. l, 2005, 2006; Wehmeyer, 2007). Cellular services are increasing rapidly as building upon premise that leave its foot prints on future acceptance of new services Vincent’s (2006). However, there exists a lacking rigidly accurate speculation in addition to that verifiable scientific investigation when viewing commercial functions involved in transferring goods from producers to consumers with act of implicating the act of using commerce through mobile or cell (Balasubramanian et. l, 2002) and consumer behavior viewing the act of using commerce through mobile not being marked as title of enough scientific investigation (Green et al. 2001; Ramsay 2001;Barnes 2002). There is a bulk of researches and discussions on the emerging business models of mobile entertainment industry which acts as a trusted market in m-commerce (Tsalgatidou and Pito ura 2001; Maciness et al. 2002, Panis et al. 2002), and there we can still be able to find out indicators i-e what influences consumers in their decision to accept and adopt cellular music services (Balasubramanian, Peterson and Jarvenpaa 2002). Moreover, emotional feeling of affection also determines the cellular device in managing the person confidential as well as life relating to emotions(Henley management college, 2003), we will try to scrutinize in view of customers willingness to accept the advertisement of cellular’s or not. If we view pure services from a nature perspective they are intangible; means are not capable to be grasping or touched psychologically (Bateson, 1979). Therefore the participation of a articular branch of learning, science or art regarding morality principals with relative worth, rules of right conduct main beliefs with the help of honest principles inside commerce (Paine, L. S. , 1996) are must for cellular companies to focus as a basic research area in business ethics. Low impact on moral values of the youth & help youth to become emotionally socialize well as, Cutler and Javalgi (1993) founded that ads are targeted emotionally by the service advertisers, Similarly (Abernethy, D. D. and Butler, A. M. , 1994) marked partial digits that belongs to knowledge communicated stimuli utilization belonging to services provider, so cellular companies must focus on providing the in depth detail of services offered that has an valid positive impact on youth, so the dependent variable social values will explain how youth get influenced by these services & use these services in their social groups. Framework of This Study Cellular Advertisement | |Social values | |Consumer receptiveness | |Consumer Attachment | This study hypothesizes the followings: 1. HO: Is there any relationship between dependent and independent variables? 2. H1: Is there a positive impact of telecom services late night call and unlimited sms packages advertisement on the social values of Pakistani Youth? 3. H2: Is there a negative impact of telecom services late night call and unlimited sms packages advertisement on the social values of Pakistani Youth? Method The study was carried out during the short period from September 2009 to January 2010. In this study Students from 3 universities i-e Iqra University, Bahria University and Foundation University are selected as the target population. The questionnaire were developed using the five point Likert scale, for this purpose. The questioners were distributed to about 00 students out of which reliable results were obtained from 150 students. To keep the validity and importance of the study, all the questionnaires were self administered and assisted, helping students in case of any queries. As a result received datum systematically arranged; in addition to this with the absence of every all comparatively small numeric symbol, sheet of Statistical packages for the social sciences formed and multiple linear regressions was utilized for hypoth esis testing with the help of Statistical packages for the social sciences software version number 16. to find the relationship betwixt variable that are independent and dependents in nature. Result and Discussion: KEY: Co-efficient, Parenthesis (Standard Error), Brackets (t-value) and in italic (P-Value) TABLE |Constant |Attachment |Advertisement |Receptiveness |R Square |F | | |(IV1) |(IV2) |(IV3) | | | |1. 352 |-. 018 |. 95 |. 000 |. 662 |95. 200 | |(. 148) |(. 030) |(. 030) |(. 024) | | | |[9. 115] |[-. 593] |[16. 693] |[-. 028] | | | |. 000 |. 554 |. 000 |. 978 | |. 000 | Results obtained show that as an individual co-effients ? in case of each and every variable indicates a positive result overall. The investigation of this research shows that social issues regarding youth are positively affirmative as well as powerful correlation is seen with advertisement i. e. the independent variable. Whole analysis shows that the variable advertisement which is independent in nature influences social values and gives a significant result as P< . 05, F = 95. 200 and the R Square > . 65 whereas the standard error

Yusuf Pathan

Yusuf Khan Pathan (born 17 November 1982 in Baroda) is an Indian cricketer. Pathan made his debut in first-class cricket in 2001/02. He is a powerful and aggressive right-handed batsman and a right-arm offbreak bowler. His half-brother Irfan Pathan is also an Indian cricketer. Though younger than Yusuf, it was Irfan who entered the Indian team first. Following his impressive performances in the 2007 Deodhar Trophy and the Inter-state domestic Twenty20 competition held in April 2007, Pathan was made a part of the Indian squad for the inaugural Twenty20 World Championship, held in South Africa in September 2007.He made his Twenty20 international debut in the final against Pakistan. He opened the batting for India in the match, and scored 15 runs in the process. [1] After a good domestic season in 2007/08, he was signed by the Rajasthan Royals in the Indian Premier League for USD 475,000 (INR 1. 9 crore). In the 2008 IPL season, he scored 435 runs and took 8 wickets. He recorded the sea son's fastest half century (from 21 balls) against the Deccan Chargers, and was also the Man of the Match in the final against the Chennai Super Kings.Following his good showing in the IPL, he was selected for the Indian one-day team. After the IPL though he played all the games in the Kitply Cup and Asia Cup he got to bat only four times. He couldn't perform very well with the bat and the ball in the Asia Cup and in the Kitply Cup and so he wasn't selected for the Series. against Sri Lanka. He performed well in domestic circuit and impressed the selectors and was selected for the England ODI series in November. He scored a fifty off just 29 balls in the second ODI against England in Indore, on his 26th birthday. [2].Yusuf had made his One-Day International debut for India against Pakistan at Dhaka on 10 June 2008. He became a regular feature of the national One-Day International team, but has yet to make his test debut [3]. Even though Pathan could not repeat his first IPL performa nce in the second season, he was selected in the Indian team to play the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 championships in England. In the second of the Super 8 matches of India, he made an unbeaten 33 from 17 balls against England, despite his team losing the game and crashing out of the tournament before the semi-finals.In late-2009, Pathan was dropped from the limited overs team after a series of unproductive performances and the allrounder's position was taken over by Ravindra Jadeja. In the final of the 2010 Duleep Trophy cricket tournament, Pathan scored a hundred in the first innings and a double hundred in the second and led his team West Zone to a three wicket win over South Zone. Pathan made 108 in the first innings and an unbeaten 210 from 190 balls in the second innings. This became a world record in cricket for the highest successful run chase in first class cricket history. 4] On 13 March 2010, Pathan scored a century off 37 balls, in an Indian Premier League match against Mumb ai Indians. The innings also included record 11 consecutive hits to the boundary (6, 6, 6, 6, 4, 4, 6, 4, 4, 4, 4). On 7th December 2010 Y Pathan scored his maiden century against New Zealand in the 4th ODI at Chinnaswamy stadium Bangalore,he scored 123 runs off 97 balls with 7 sixes and 7 fours and he named match of the match award. At the award distribution ceremony he stated that â€Å"this knock will boost my career†. [citation needed]