Essay on Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas In 1950 the Reverend Oliver Brown of Topeka, Kansas, wanted to enroll his daughter, Linda Brown, in the school nearest his home (Lusane 26). The choices before him were the all-white school, only four blocks away, or the black school that was two miles away and required travel (26). His effort to enroll his daughter was spurned (26). In 1951, backed by the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, he filed suit against the Topeka school board and his case was joined by three other similar cases that were presented before the Supreme Court as one consolidated case (26). On May 17, 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court issued one of its most historic rulings. The single most†¦show more content†¦One of the gains in educational opportunity began in the 1960s, when programs in Black Studies or African American Studies were first established (Wilson 25). These programs encouraged black students to value themselve s and their cultural heritage (25). If it had not been for Brown v. Board of Education many blacks would still feel inferior to whites and therefore have low self esteem. While textbook history ignored the great contributions of African Americans, these programs highlighted the achievements of African Americans (25). The ability to learn about the achievements of great black helped encourage the self esteem and self worth of many black children. As a result of the decision of Brown v. Board of Education the black community experienced substantial gains in education. The fact that blacks were made to feel inferior to whites led to problems involving blacks socially. Gunnar Myrdal, author of An American Dilemma stated that socially, African Americans lived and were considered outsiders, unable to enjoy, because of segregation or economic circumstance, the enrichment afforded by the arts, travel, and the world of entertainment (Tacklach 49). Another example of how the Brown v. Boar d of Education impacted blacks socially can be found in the improvement of schoolShow MoreRelated Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas Essay1916 Words   |  8 PagesBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas On May 17, 1954 the United States Supreme Court handed down the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas ruling. The supreme court’s ruling stated that separate was in fact not equal. The court ordered that all schools desegregate. This ruling had finally and once and for all put a stop to the dejure segregation of our nation’s schools that had existed since the time when African Americans were allowed to attend schools. This ruling was definitelyRead MoreBrown V. Board Of Education Of Topeka, Kansas Was A Milestone1258 Words   |  6 PagesBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas was a milestone in American history, as it began the long process of racial integration, starting with schools. Segregated schools were not equal in quality, so African-American families spearheaded the fight for equality. Brown v. Board stated that public schools must integrate. This court decision created enormous controversy throughout the United States. Without this case, the United States may still be segregated today. Although the Fourteenth AmendmentRead MoreDred Scott v. Sandford, Plessy v. Ferguson, and Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas843 Words   |  4 Pages The landmark Supreme Court cases of Dred Scott v. Sandford, Plessy v. Ferguson, and Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas have had a tremendous effect on the struggle for equal rights in America. These marker cases have set the precedent for cases dealing with the issue of civil equality for the last 150 years. In 1846, a slave living in Missouri named Dred Scott, sued for his freedom on the basis that he had lived for a total of seven years in territories that were closed to slaveryRead MoreBrown V. Board Of Education830 Words   |  4 PagesBrown v. Board of Education The Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case is a well-known case that went to the Incomparable Court for racial reasons with the leading body of training. The case was really the name given to five separate cases that were heard by the U.S. Preeminent Court concerning the issue of isolation in state funded schools. These cases were Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Briggs v. Elliot, Davis v. Board of Education of Prince Edward County (VA.), Boiling v. Sharpe,Read MoreBrown V. The Board Of Education1136 Words   |  5 PagesBrown v. The Board of Education Topeka, Kansas, 1950, a young African-American girl named Linda Brown had to walk a mile to get to her school, crossing a railroad switchyard. She lived seven blocks from an all white school. Linda’s father, Oliver, tried to enroll her into the all white school. The school denied her because of the color of her skin. Segregation was widespread throughout our nation. Blacks believed that the â€Å"separate but equal† saying was false. They felt that whites had more educationalRead MoreBrown vs Board of Education600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Brown vs Board of Education as a major turning point in African American. Brown vs Board of Education was arguably the most important cases that impacted the African Americans and the white society because it brought a whole new perspective on whether â€Å"separate but equal† was really equal. The Brown vs Board of Education was made up of five different cases regarding school segregation. â€Å"While the facts of each case a re different, the main issue in each was the constitutionality of state-sponsoredRead MoreBrown V. Board Of Education Of Topeka1634 Words   |  7 PagesBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court s unanimous (9–0) decision stated that separate educational facilitiesRead MoreThe Basic Issue Of Brown Vs. Board Of Education2136 Words   |  9 PagesThe basic issue in Brown vs. Board of Education was the beginning of integration in the school system. Trial transcripts, interviews, meet the browns, and segregated Topeka will be used to support evidence and opinions in this paper. Due to the deci sions made in The Brown vs. Board of Education it changed who could attend with diversity in schools and continues to change schools to this day. After reading this paper, it should show that all people should be treated equally. Just because a person’sRead More Segregation: Seperate but Equal967 Words   |  4 PagesLinda Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas advocated the need for change in America in the mid 20th century. America was a country in turmoil, after many futile efforts to make social change had failed but Linda Brown’s groundbreaking case pushed America in the right direction. At the heart of the problem was segregation. Segregation is the act of separating a certain person or faction from the main group. In America’s case segregation was practiced on minorities such as African-AmericansRead MoreBrown V. Board Of Education 347 Us 4831438 Words   |  6 PagesBrown v. Board of Education 347 US 483 (1954) Jim Crow Laws As society changes, laws change as well to keep up with changes in some cases, the law are for the better of the majority, however, there have been several laws that have been enacted to impose inequality. On May 17, 1954, the United States Supreme Court handed down its ruling in the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. Education of Topeka that Racial education of Topeka that racial segregation in public schools

Things They Don t Tell You About Capitalism, By Ha Joon...

23 Things They Don’t Tell You About Capitalism, by Ha-Joon Chang. Bloomsbury Press: New York, 2010. 288 pages. Reviewed by Emily F. White. Ha-Joon Chang is a distinguished economist from Seoul, South Korea specializing in developmental economics. He attended the University of Cambridge in 1986 as a graduate student and earned his PhD for his thesis the political economy of industrial policy - reflections on the role of state intervention in 1992 and has taught as a professor of the Political Economy of Development at the University of Cambridge since 1990. He has served as a consultant to the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the European Investment Bank, as well as to Oxfam and various United Nations agencies. He is also employed at the Center for Economic and Policy Research in Washington, D.C. and is on the advisory board of Academics Stand Against Poverty (ASAP). His approach to economics is so inspiring and continues to influence those in high power such as Rafael Correa, the president of Ecuador. His insight on economic policy has been spread worldwide through his numerous books that are still widely discussed today. It has earned him his many achievements, including his ranking as one of the top 20 World Thinkers in 2013 in Prospect Magazine. In the efforts of critiquing economic policy, Chang identifies and discusses the problem with free-trade capitalism in his book 23 Things They Don’t Tell You About Capitalism by first rejecting the idea of a free-marketShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesmechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the

Disclosure and Agency Conflict

Question: Describe about managements goals ever conflict with maximizing shareholder wealth? Answer: Maximizing the wealth of the share holders is the appropriate goal of the business firm. The business firms try to maximize the wealth of the firm by increasing the price of the stock. With the increase in the price of the stock, there is an increase in the stock wealth. The increase in the price of the stock enhances the value of the firm and the net worth of the individuals increase owning the stock. There are instances in which the goal of the management conflicts with maximizing the share holder wealth (Hamel, 2009). The goal of the management is mobilization of the resources to make them productive which will generate revenue for the organization. The model of management that predominated earlier has become redundant. The overriding problems of the organization were solved by reinvention of the management system. The management system has become innovative and inspiring place which is concerned with maximizing the wealth of the share holders. But there have been situations of co nflict with the maximization of the wealth of the share holder. One of the major false hoods that are associated with the publicly held companies is that it has the obligation to maximize the value of the share holder. In 2007, the companies of United States had taken debt of record amount to fund the repurchase of share to enhance the value of the share holder. These buybacks has served to enrich the CEO of the company at the expense of the important stake holders of the company. This diminishes the health of the economy and the long term future of the organization is affected. Maximizing the value of the shareholder has become a shared goal that aligns to serve the interest of the share owners and the management. Thus maximizing the value of the share holder is not the obligation of the manager but it is the choice of the manager. But in cases of take over and bankruptcy there are special laws to provide special consideration to the common stock holders (forbes.com, 2011). In case of small organizations, the manager of the firm owns the firm. In such cases there the conflicting situations does not arise. But in case of large organizations there are various levels of the management and the staff. But the management is not the owner of the firm (Harris and Glegg, 2009). They have a fixed level of income. But there are situations of conflict between the owner of the firm and the manager of the organization. The manager of the organization do not profit directly from the share holders unless they tend to own a stock. The conflict between the managers and the stock holders of the firm gives rise to the agency problem (Myers, 2007). The goal of the management is to maximize the wealth of the share holders and at the same time maintain the corporate social responsibility. But it is seen in several cases it is seen that the maximization the share holders wealth does not align with the social responsibilities of the company (Black, 2012). For example in the 2008 recession there was a big bank failure. But the social responsibility of the banks was not visible. The firms were thinking of managing their investment portfolio instead of lending money to the customers. The investment portfolio was filled with toxic assets which led to the breakdown of the large banks. This led to the fall of the share prices. Thus it can be said that the organization was trying to meet their management objectives without maximizing the wealth of the share holders. This leads to the situations of conflict between the share holders and management of the organization. This aggravates the agency problem (Snowden, 2014). The manager of the organization have personal goals that tend to conflict with the goal of the owner of maximizing the wealth of the share holders. Since the share holders have the authority on the managers to administer the asset of the firms, there arises a potential conflict between the share holders of the organization and the management goals. In imperfect labor and capital markets, the managers maximize their own utility at the expense of the share holders of the organization. Agency conflicts are quite significant in organizations. References Black, K. (2012). Disclosure and Agency Conflict: Evidence from Mutual Fund Commission Bundling. CFA Digest, 42(3), pp.126-128. forbes.com, (2011). The Dumbest Idea In The World: Maximizing Shareholder Value. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevedenning/2011/11/28/maximizing-shareholder-value-the-dumbest-idea-in-the-world/ [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. Hamel, G. (2009). 25 Stretch Goals for Management. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2009/02/25-stretch-goals-for-managemen [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. Harris, O. and Glegg, C. (2009). Governance quality and privately negotiated stock repurchases: Evidence of agency conflict. Journal of Banking Finance, 33(2), pp.317-325. Myers, D. (2007). Costs and Benefits of American Corporate Capitalism. Psychological Inquiry, 18(1), pp.43-47. Snowden, N. (2014). What really caused the Great Recession? Rhyme and repetition in a theme from the 1930s. Cambridge Journal of Economics.

Nuclear Waste free essay sample

Environmental impacts of nuclear waste. Nuclear waste or radioactive waste is the residue of nuclear reactors, nuclear researches, nuclear projects and nuclear bomb reaction. Nuclear wastes, also known as spent fuel, are dangerously radioactive and could exist for thousands of years. The release of nuclear waste from its reactor could easily cause a lot of diseases like acute radiation sickness. The injection of nuclear waste to underground water causes water pollution and could contribute to extensive contamination of large marine areas. Some of these nuclear wastes injected to underground water could seep through and mix with underground water supplies used for drinking. Some pollutants or nuclear wastes have already penetrated underground water supplies of Florida, Texas, Ohio, and Oklahoma. Also, there was intentional dumping of nuclear waste done by the Soviets into the Techa River in 1949. It caused the people of Mayak yearly dose of 350 rems, an estimated amount of one hundred twenty-four thousand of people were affected by the radiation from the nuclear waste thrown to the Techa River. We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Waste or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The radiation that affected the people of Mayak did also spread out to the arctic waters of Northern Russia. Another example to site is the Western Soshone Land issue: â€Å"Over the last forty years, many Native American communities have been constantly exposed to low-level doses of radiation from a variety of different sources. Since more than half of all United States uranium deposits lie under indigenous lands, uranium mining, milling, conversion, and enrichment have become common activities, especially on Western Shoshone Land. In 1978, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA) was passed.This Act reaffirmed the right of Native Americans to free access to religious lands and natural resources, even when these lands and resources extend beyond present tribal boundaries. In 1982, Congress passed the Nuclear Waste Policy Act. This Act proposed to safely dispose of nuclear wastes, bearing in mind the environmental and cultural impacts on Native American communities. Of three sites investigated for this use, DOE has given Yucca Mountain the greatest consideration. Part of the conflict rests in whether DOEs actions at Yucca Mountain impinge on the right of Native Americans to gain access to sacred natural resources.According to the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACOHP), formed by the National Historic Preservation Act, these resources can be defined as any property that has traditional value to the tribe in question. That property need not have been consistent use since antiquity. It has been confirmed by the Western Shoshone and other tribes that Yucca Mountain has traditional value, despite spatial separation from it use due to invasion by private individuals and the federal government (Stoffle et al, 1990).In addition to the potential threat of power plant wastes, these communities are also being exposed to radiation from the Nevada Test Site (NTS), also located on traditional Shoshone land. The NTS has been used by the U. S. and Britain to test nuclear weapons for many years. The Western Shoshone National Council considers these tests to be more like bombs, because of the destruction that results from these experiments. Since 1951, approximately 1,350 square miles of their 43,000 square mile territory have been destroyed by hundreds of craters and tunnels that are no more than unsupervised nuclear waste dumps.There have been environmental monitoring reports issued throughout the years concerning the status of NTS, dated all the way from the 1950s to 1991. These reports prove the presence of substantial low-level radioactive releases of iodine, strontium, cesium, plutonium, and noble gases in outlying areas, with higher concentrations found in reservation communities in close proximity to NTS. Residents have reported unusual animal deaths, human hair loss, the soil in the area turning a dark black color, along with increases of cancer and birth defects. These are only few actual incidents that substantiate the detrimental effects of nuclear leftover to people. It is true that nuclear energy forms part in the industrialization that brings economic growth. And that is needed in a third world country like ours. However, will this be likewise beneficial to the country’s inhabitants as far as health is concerned? To whom is the development for? What is there to modernize if there’s no more beneficiaries to enjoy. 2. Is nuclear power the answer to our country’s energy needs? Nuclear power is the energy that is produced by controlling nuclear reaction, nuclear fusion or nuclear fission.These kinds of reactions are used to heat water to produce steam that could be converted to generate electricity. The first operations of commercial nuclear power plants started in 1950’s and there are currently 440 nuclear power plant reactors in 30 countries. These power plants have a total capacity of 376,000 MWe and provide about 14% of the world’s continuous, reliable, and efficient power used to produce electricity. Also, nuclear power plants require small space and can also be built in restricted areas. Nuclear power, compared to other energy-producing plants, has a main advantage of clean way of producing energy.It doesn’t emit toxic gases like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide. As compared to the chemical that do not decompose like arsenic and mercury and to poisonous gases like acid rain and smog, nuclear waste is much easier to dispose to a geological site. This geological site helps the nuclear wastes decay over time. Nuclear power plants also have an average life time of 40 yrs. , and could be extended to 20 yrs. Nuclear power plants use uranium that is abundant in Canada and Australia. Another advantage of uranium is that 1 truck of uranium used for production of energy is as much as the energy produced by 1000 truck of coal.Another advantage of nuclear power is that nuclear energy is the most concentrated form of energy compared to other energy produced by power plants. Nuclear energy can be produced in large quantities over short periods of time. Nuclear energy is also cheap as the cost of fossil fuel. And nuclear emery’s prices are always stable. Though nuclear power plants do not emit greenhouse gases, it produces nuclear wastes that are hard to store and this wastes produce harmful radiations. The radiations from nuclear wastes may cause cancer for humans. These nuclear wastes can either be stored in plants or be injected underground.Injection of nuclear wastes into underground water resources could cause water pollution. Nuclear wastes dumps could also combust without warning. These wastes products also could last for thousands of years. These nuclear wastes could also be used for nuclear weapons. A nuclear power plant could produce enough plutonium to produce about thirty nuclear bombs. Terrible accidents due to its core meltdown may also take place. An example of a devastating accident is the 1986 Chernobyl accident. The said cause of the accident was low quality safety infrastructure.Another happened at Three Mile Island in 1979 where there was a large amount of radiation emitted by the plant because of the failure of the cooling system of the reactor. Because of this incident, people near the reactor were needed to be evacuated and moved into another location. The radiation that produced by both reactors spread throughout a large area. Building and maintaining nuclear power plants is expensive. It costs between three to five billion dollars for building a nuclear power plant. More money could be spent for the security of these nuclear power plants.Nuclear power plants could be a good target for terrorist. Nuclear power plants could be used to control electricity supply and may be intentionally initialize a core meltdown that could devastate a lot of people. Uranium that is needed for processing of nuclear energy could be depleted. Uranium is not a renewable and because of the use of nuclear power plants, uranium could be depleted faster. Depending on the actual demand for uranium, uranium could be depleted in 30 to 60 years, and after that nuclear power plants will stop operating or would need to find an alternative for uranium.So, by weighing the pros and cons of nuclear power plants, I think nuclear power plant is not the solution to our country’s need for electricity. Nuclear power plants may provide us with clean, reliable, and cheap energy but it could lead to devastating accidents that could harm or kill many people. Nuclear wastes could also harm our environment and our people because they cannot be properly dispose and are very hazardous. Nuclear power plants also, could be no use after 30 to 60 years.Establishing a nuclear power plant now would be useless for it will be no use to our future descendant, and with the addition of upcoming nuclear power plants, the use of these plants may decrease to only 10 to 30 years. Aside from nuclear energy, there are other alternative sources of energy that are clean and do not emit green house gases. Examples of these are wind, solar, and geothermal energy. There are also hydropower, biomass, and bio-fuel that are renewable and are better than nuclear energy. Potential resources of energy in the Philippines are bagasse, coconut residues, wood, rice hulks, and municipal solid waste.The department of energy has identified a biomass of bagasse to have a potential of 250 barrels of fuel oil. Also, the Philippines consumes 27% geothermal energy. The production of geothermal energy is also cheaper compared to production of energy in nuclear power plants. There are also wind farms in the Philippines, example of this is the wind farm in Bangui, Ilocos Norte that has 25 Megawatt wind. Lately, DOE has found an ally to enhance and promote acceleration of our country’s mini-hydropower development program. According to Green Chip International, the Philippines has abundant underground energy resources. Also, as said by British ambassador, Stephen Lillie and by Dr. Walter Salzer, there is a potential of the Philippines in gaining investors in the production of wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass energies. This proves that we have a lot of renewable energy that we could use for many years. So instead of operating nuclear power plants in the Philippines, we must promote the use of renewable energy more. Renewable, clean and safe energy is what our country needs The Philippines is very rich in natural and human resources. We have more than enough elemental reserves and competitive local innovators.These two major elements are very essential in our own way of safe modernization. We have the right tools and materials however we lack one thing in order to carry out these aspirations. That is the support of our government. If only the Philippine government is supportive on local capabilities and most of all personal interest is set aside, we could achieve the best for our country.